Recombinant Pig EPO protein (His tag)

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Erythropoietin often called EPO or erythropoietin protein is a glycoprotein hormone with a mass of approximately 30.4 kDa. It plays a mechanical role in the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) by acting as a signaling molecule that binds the erythropoietin receptor on erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Erythropoietin is mainly expressed in the kidneys with some expression in the liver. It controls the proliferation and differentiation of precursor cells into mature red blood cells which are responsible for oxygen transport.

Biological function summary

Erythropoietin regulates blood oxygen levels by stimulating erythrocyte production. It is not part of a larger complex but interacts directly with the erythropoietin receptor activating intracellular pathways necessary for erythroid progenitor cell survival and proliferation. Eyrthropoietin production increases in response to low oxygen levels in tissues ensuring adequate oxygen delivery throughout the body by increasing red blood cell count.

Pathways

Erythropoietin predominantly influences the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Upon binding to its receptor on erythroid progenitors it activates this pathway leading to gene expression changes that promote survival and proliferation of these cells. This pathway is also involved in various immune responses and cell growth processes. Erythropoietin signaling has a regulatory relationship with other growth factors like thrombopoietin which is another hematopoietic hormone.

Erythropoietin is important in the treatment of anemia especially anemia associated with chronic kidney disease where natural EPO production decreases. Abnormal levels of erythropoietin are associated with conditions such as polycythemia vera a disorder characterized by excessive red blood cell production. EPO levels can be affected by production defects in the kidneys linking it to proteins like the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor which regulates erythropoietin transcription under low oxygen conditions.