TXN
GeneName
TXN
Summary
TXN, also known as thioredoxin, ADF, or Trx, is a 12 kDa redox-active protein that plays a vital role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and detoxifying reactive oxygen species, particularly hydrogen peroxide. It is expressed in various cellular compartments including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and extracellular exosomes. TXN functions primarily as a protein-disulfide reductase, facilitating the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins, and is involved in RNA binding. Additionally, it regulates several biological processes such as transcription, signal transduction pathways, and responses to oxidative stress and radiation.
Importance
TXN is relevant to: - The regulation of oxidative stress responses, which are implicated in various diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. - Cellular detoxification mechanisms that protect against damage from reactive oxygen species. - Modulation of transcriptional activity through its influence on RNA polymerase II, affecting gene expression. - Signal transduction pathways, particularly those involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B, which are crucial for cell survival and metabolism.
Top Products
For researchers investigating TXN, we recommend two excellent primary antibodies. The first is the well-cited polyclonal antibody, Anti-Thioredoxin / TRX antibody (ab26320), which has garnered 47 citations and is highly regarded for its performance in Western blotting (WB). This product is a trusted choice for those looking to study TXN effectively. Additionally, we offer the recombinant antibody, Anti-Thioredoxin / TRX antibody [EPR6110] (ab133524). This monoclonal antibody has been validated for use in both Western blotting (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), making it a versatile option for various applications. With 20 citations, it is gaining recognition in the research community, providing researchers with the batch-to-batch consistency that recombinant antibodies are known for. The Recombinant Human Thioredoxin / TRX protein ELISA Kit (ab283443) is an excellent option for researchers looking to measure TXN levels in their samples.
Abcam Product Citation Summary
The data indicates that TXN (Thioredoxin) is being studied in the context of antioxidative defenses and NRF2 signalling. The use of Abcam antibodies in both mouse and human cell models highlights the relevance of TXN in various biological processes related to oxidative stress.
Abcam Product Citation Table
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Function
Participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyzes dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions (PubMed:17182577, PubMed:19032234, PubMed:2176490). Plays a role in the reversible S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues in target proteins, and thereby contributes to the response to intracellular nitric oxide. Nitrosylates the active site Cys of CASP3 in response to nitric oxide (NO), and thereby inhibits caspase-3 activity (PubMed:16408020, PubMed:17606900). Induces the FOS/JUN AP-1 DNA-binding activity in ionizing radiation (IR) cells through its oxidation/reduction status and stimulates AP-1 transcriptional activity (PubMed:11118054, PubMed:9108029).
ADF augments the expression of the interleukin-2 receptor TAC (IL2R/P55).
Post-translational modifications
In the fully reduced protein, both Cys-69 and Cys-73 are nitrosylated in response to nitric oxide (NO). When two disulfide bonds are present in the protein, only Cys-73 is nitrosylated. Cys-73 can serve as donor for nitrosylation of target proteins.
In case of infection, ubiquitinated by S.typhimurium protein slrP, leading to its degradation.
Sequence Similarities
Belongs to the thioredoxin family.
Cellular localization
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Secreted
- Translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induction (PMA) (PubMed:9108029). Predominantly in the cytoplasm in non irradiated cells (PubMed:11118054). Radiation induces translocation of TRX from the cytoplasm to the nucleus (PubMed:11118054). Secreted by a leaderless secretory pathway (PubMed:1332947).
Alternative names
TRDX, TRX, TRX1, TXN, Thioredoxin, Trx, ATL-derived factor, Surface-associated sulphydryl protein, ADF, SASP