Epilepsy: key factors and research tools

Explore the complex pathogenesis of epilepsy and access the tools you need to support your research.

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​Overview

What is epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a serious chronic neurological condition with complex pathology. It is characterized by recurrent, spontaneous, and unpredictable seizures, which disrupt normal brain function. Epilepsy occurs in all age groups and affects over 50 million people worldwide. ​

Key factors in epileptogenesis

Epileptogenesis is an assembly of factors that convert a healthy brain into a brain affected by recurrent seizure activity1. Key factors contributing to epileptogenesis include neurodegeneration2,3, disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)4, and dysfunction of the glutamatergic system5, which is thought to be a result of neuroinflammation. Additionally, oxidative stress6 and hypoxia7 are considered to play a role in inducing epigenetic modification of DNA8. Furthermore, hypoxia may result in the activation of cytokines and the complement system, which contribute to neuroinflammation. The neuroinflammation may, in turn, induce the production of cytokines and the elements of the complement system in a feedback loop. The culmination of all these mechanisms is thought to lead to the development of epilepsy9.

Explore key pathological processes involved in the development of epilepsy with our interactive pathway and find the best products for your target of interest. 

Click on the preview image below to download our interactive pathway.

What is epilepsy?
Key factors in epileptogenesis: check out our interactive pathway
Role of biomarkers in epilepsy
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies for epilepsy research
References

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Role of biomarkers in epilepsy

Finding novel biomarkers for post-epileptic brain damage may help to prevent complications and develop targeted methods of treatment in the future. Biomarkers may play a role in individualized epileptic treatment, based on the patients' biomarker profile, and in monitoring anti-epileptic treatment9.

High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), a DNA-binding protein, has recently emerged as a potential common biomarker of traumatic brain injury, neuroinflammation, epileptogenesis, and cognitive dysfunctions, which can be used for early prediction and progression of those neurological conditions10. HMGB1/TLR4 regulatory axis acts as a key initiator of neuroinflammation and involved in the generation and exacerbation of epileptic seizures11.

Recombinant monoclonal antibodies and proteins for epilepsy research​

Get reproducible, batch-to-batch consistency using recombinant monoclonal antibodies and proteins for your epilepsy research. These are some of our best-selling products. 

Antibodies

Gene nameTarget name Role in epilepsyRecommended abID
HMGB1HMGB1Key initiator of inflammation10,11ab79823
GRIA2Ionotropic Glutamate receptor 2 (AMPA 2)Critical to epileptic synchronization and the generation and spread of epileptic discharges in human epilepsy12ab133477
PANX1Pannexin 1Regulates ATP release in epilepsy13 and contributes to seizure generation14ab124969
STXBP1Munc18-1Defects in STXBP1 cause epileptic encephalopathy early infantile type 4 (EIEE4)ab124920


Proteins​​

TargetSpeciesExpression systemabID

HMGB1

HumanHEK 293 cellsab167718

Munc18-1

HumanMammalianab267979
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References​

  1. Sloviter, R. S., Bumanglag, A. V. Defining “epileptogenesis” and identifying “antiepileptogenic targets” in animal models of acquired temporal lobe epilepsy is not as simple as it might seem. Neuropharmacology 69, 3–15 (2013).
  2. Pitkanen, A., Lukasiuk, K. Molecular and cellular basis of epileptogenesis in symptomatic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 14, 16–25 (2009).
  3. Reddy, D. S. Neuroendocrine aspects of catamenial epilepsy. Horm. Behav. 63, 254–266 (2013).
  4. Bar-Klein, G. et al. Imaging blood–brain barrier dysfunction as a biomarker for epileptogenesis. Brain 140, 1692–1705 (2017). 
  5. Aroniadou-Anderjaska, V., Fritsch, B., Qashu, F., Braga, M. F. Pathology and pathophysiology of the amygdala in epileptogenesis and epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 78, 102–116 (2008).
  6. Ashrafi, M. R. et al. A probable causative factor for an old problem: selenium and glutathione peroxidase appear to play important roles in epilepsy pathogenesis. Epilepsia 48, 1750–1755 (2007). 
  7. Loscher, W., Brandt, C. Prevention or modification of epileptogenesis after brain insults: experimental approaches and translational research. Pharmacol Rev. 62, 668–700 (2010). 
  8. Younus, I., Reddy, D.S. Epigenetic interventions for epileptogenesis: A new frontier for curing epilepsy. Pharmacol Ther. 177,108–122 (2017). 
  9. Kobylarek, D., et al. Advances in the potential biomarkers of epilepsy. Front Neurol. 10:685 (2019). 
  10. Paudel, Y.N., et al. HMGB1: A common biomarker and potential target for TBI, neuroinflammation, epilepsy, and cognitive dysfunction. Front Neurosci. 12:628 (2018).
  11. Paudel, Y.N., Semple, B.D., Jones, N.C., Othman, I., Shaikh, M.F. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as a novel frontier in epileptogenesis: from pathogenesis to therapeutic approaches. J Neurochem.151, 542–557 (2019).
  12. Rogawski, M.A. AMPA receptors as a molecular target in epilepsy therapy. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 197, 9–18 (2013).
  13. Shan, Y., Ni, Y., Gao, Z. Pannexin-1 channel regulates ATP release in epilepsy. Neurochem Res. 45, 965–971 (2020).
  14. Dossi E, Blauwblomme T, Moulard J, et al. Pannexin-1 channels contribute to seizure generation in human epileptic brain tissue and in a mouse model of epilepsy. Sci Transl Med. 10:eaar3796 (2018).