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Stroke: overview and tools for your research

Related

  • Alzheimer's disease
    • Cardiovascular resources
      • VEGF signaling pathway

        Explore the complex pathology of stroke and access the tools you need to advance your research in stroke and its associated diseases. 

        Overview


        • Stroke and stroke-associated diseases
        • Autophagy in ischemic stroke – interactive pathway
        • Small vessel disease, CADASIL, and vascular dementia – Professor Markus video
        • Key targets in stroke
        • Simple step Elisa kits can be used to develop diagnostic assays - Dr Edoardo Gaude, CSO | PockitDx
        • Diagnostic stroke biomarkers
        • Prognostic stroke biomarkers
        • References

        Stroke and stroke-associated diseases

        Stroke is an aspect of cardiovascular disease, resulting from an interruption of the blood supply to a part of the brain. Such an interruption is caused by a clot blocking a blood vessel (ischemic stroke) or as the result of a blood vessel burst (hemorrhagic stroke). Ischemic stroke accounts for around 80% of all strokes.

        Stroke is a major risk factor for the development of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), vascular dementia (VaD), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD)1,2. Current evidence suggests that 25-30% of ischemic stroke survivors develop immediate or delayed VCI or VaD3. 

        The cerebral small-vessel disease is strongly associated with ischemic stroke and dementia. The most prevalent inherited cause of the cerebral small-vessel disease is CADASIL (cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy), a disorder linked to mutations in NOTCH3. The most common symptoms of CADASIL are small ischemic strokes and/or transient ischemic attacks and cognitive impairment, appearing in middle age, that may progress to VaD4.

        Autophagy in ischemic stroke – interactive pathway

        Recent studies have found autophagy to be a key regulatory factor in ischemic stroke, unveiling a new range of potential therapeutic targets for neuroprotection5.

        Explore the role of autophagy signaling pathways in ischemic stroke with our interactive pathway.

        Click on the preview below to download the interactive pathway.

        ​​

        ​​Small vessel disease, CADASIL, and vascular dementia

        Learn more about the link between stroke, small vessel disease, and vascular dementia from Professor Hugh Markus, Professor of Stroke Medicine at the University of Cambridge.

        Here Prof Markus discusses the connection between vascular risk factors and AD and highlights the value of studying CADASIL as a model for pure vascular dementia. He also talks us through recently discovered monogenic forms of small vessel disease such as HTRA1, COL4A1, COL4A2.

        ​​

        Key targets in stroke

        Key targets in stroke include HTRA1, NOTCH3, COL4A1/2, VEGFA, ACHE, BCHE. Mutations in NOTCH3 and HTRA1 genes are responsible for the development of CADASIL, which causes stroke6. COL4A1 mutations have been identified in adult patients with small-vessel disease and can result in stroke7.

        VEGF-A is expressed at low levels in the adult human brain, but it is upregulated in response to stroke, predominantly in the stroke/penumbra area. VEGF-A was shown to promote angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection, leading to improved functional recovery. VEGF-A is, therefore, a potential candidate for treatment in ischemic stroke8.

        Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the acetylcholine-hydrolyzing enzymes, may be potentially used as diagnostic biomarkers in stroke9. Additionally, BChE may serve as a biomarker for post-stroke dementia10.


        Simple step Elisa can be used to develop diagnostic assays - Dr Edoardo Gaude, CSO | PockitDx

         Learn about the impact of strokes, the challenges in their diagnostics and how PockitDx used Abcam SimpleStep ELISA to develop a diagnostic assay which helps to overcome some of those challenges. 

        Diagnostic stroke biomarkers

        Diagnostic stroke biomarkers can be used to differentiate between ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, which require distinct treatment approaches. Diagnostic stroke biomarkers can also distinguish between ischemic strokes and stroke mimics such as migraine, seizure, or hypoglycemia. Finally, biomarkers can identify the etiological subtype of ischemic strokes, which is essential because prognosis, risk of recurrence, and management options differ greatly between subtypes.

        Advance your research in stroke with our SimpleStep ELISA® kits for diagnostic stroke biomarkers. Our SimpleStep ELISA® kits provide you with sensitive and reliable results within 90-minutes and are suitable for a wide range of samples.

        Category

        Gene name

        Target name

        Recommended abID

        Inflammation

        markers

        CRP

        C-reactive protein

        ab260058

        MMP9

        Matrix metalloproteinase 9

        ab246539

        IL6

        IL-6

        ab178013

        IL1B

        IL-1b

        ab229384

        TNF

        TNF-α

        ab181421

        VCAM1

        VCAM1

        ab223591

        VEGF

        VEGF

        ab222510

        Thrombosis markers

        VWF

        Von Willebrand factor

        ab223864


        D-Dimer

        ab260076

        Brain injury markers

        (neuronal & glial)


        S100B

        S100-B

        ab234573

        GFAP

        GFAP

        ab223867

        ENO2

        NSE

        ab217778

        Others

        FABP3

        H-FABP

        ab243682

        APOA1

        APOA1-UP

        ab189576

        Prognostic stroke biomarkers 

        Prognostic stroke biomarkers can accurately predict mortality risk, functional outcomes, and specific complications after stroke such as post-stroke cognitive impairment.

        Explore prognostic biomarkers in stroke with our SimpleStep ELISA® kits.

        Category

        Gene name

        Target name

        Recommended abID

        Neurotrophic factors

        BDNF

        BDNF

        ab212166

        Growth factors

        IGF1

        Insulin-like growth factor I

        ab211651

        Inflammation

        IL33

        Interleukin-33 (IL-33)

        ab223865

        Myokines

        FST

        Follistatin

        ab192147

        SERPINF1

        PEDF

        ab246535

        SPARC

        Osteonectin (SPARC)

        ab220654

        References

        1. Vijayan, M., Reddy, P.H. Stroke, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer's disease: molecular links. J Alzheimers Dis. 54, 427–443 (2016).
        2. Wiesmann, M., Kiliaan, A.J., Claassen, J.A. Vascular aspects of cognitive impairment and dementia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 33, 1696–1706 (2013).
        3. Kalaria, R.N., Akinyemi, R., Ihara, M. Stroke injury, cognitive impairment and vascular dementia. Biochim Biophys Acta.1862, 915–925 (2016).
        4. Wang, M.M. CADASIL. Handb Clin Neurol. 148, 733–743 (2018).
        5. Papadakis, M., et al. Tsc1 (hamartin) confers neuroprotection against ischemia by inducing autophagy. Nat Med 19, 351–357 (2013).
        6. Boehme, A.K., Esenwa, C., Elkind, M.S. Stroke risk factors, genetics, and prevention. Circ Res.120, 472–495 (2017).
        7. Lanfranconi, S., Markus, H.S. COL4A1 mutations as a monogenic cause of cerebral small vessel disease: a systematic review. Stroke 41, e513–e518 (2010).
        8. Geiseler SJ, Morland C. The janus face of VEGF in stroke. Int J Mol Sci. 19, 1362 (2018).
        9. Ben Assayag, E., et al. Serum cholinesterase activities distinguish between stroke patients and controls and predict 12-month mortality. Mol Med. 16, 278–286 (2010).
        10. Chen, Y.C., et al. Serum level and activity of butylcholinesterase: a biomarker for post-stroke dementia. J Clin Med. 8, 1778. (2019).



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