Protein kinase C: isozyme-specific tools
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Antibodies and inhibitors to target protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes.
PKC includes a family of structurally homologous serine/threonine kinase enzymes that are involved in multiple pathways and biological processes such as, cell division, memory, differentiation, proliferation. and apoptosis.
The PKC family consists of ten isozymes that are classified according to the differences between their regulatory regions and divided in 3 groups: conventional, novel or atypical.
Isozyme-specific tools are important as they allow you to accurately investigate distinct PKC pathways. Here you can find our recommended range of isozyme-specific antibodies – including those against various phosphorylated forms – and inhibitors for all three groups of PKC isozymes.
- Conventional
- PKC alpha
- PKC beta
- Novel
- PKC delta
- PKC epsilon
- Atypical
- PKC zeta
- Pan PKC
- Other PKC isozyme antibodies
Conventional PKC enzymes contain four homologous domains (C1, C2, C3, C4) and require binding of diacylglycerol (DAG), phospholipid, calcium or phorbol esters for activation. Isozyme-specific tools in this group include antibodies and inhibitors against PKC alpha and beta.
PKC alpha
Figure 1. Immunohistochemical analysis of mouse small intestine stained with anti-PKC alpha [Y124] (ab32376).
- Primary antibody (knockout validated): Anti-PKC alpha antibody [Y124] (ab32376)
- Phosphorylated PKC alpha antibodies
- Selective inhibitor of PKC alpha and PKC beta: Go 6976 (ab141413)
- Selective inhibitor of PKC alpha and PKC gamma: HBDDE (ab141573)
PKC beta
Figure 2. Immunocytochemical analysis of K562 (human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells from bone marrow) cells labeled with anti-PKC beta 1 with (ab195039) at 1/100 followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor® 488) (ab150077) at 1/1,000 (green)
- Primary antibody: Anti-PKC beta 1 antibody [EPR18512] (ab195039)
- Phosphorylated PKC beta antibodies
- Selective inhibitor of PKC beta: LY 333531 hydrochloride
Novel PKC enzymes also require DAG binding for activation but not calcium, as they have a novel C2 domain that does not act as a calcium sensor. Isozyme-specific tools in this group include antibodies and inhibitors against PKC delta and epsilon.
PKC delta
Figure 3. Immunocytochemical analysis of HeLa cells labeled with anti-PKC delta (ab182126) at 1/100 followed by goat anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor® 488 (IgG) (ab150077) at 1/400 (green).
- Primary antibody (knockout validated): Anti-PKC delta antibody [EPR17075] (ab182126)
- Phosphorylated PKC delta antibodies
- Inhibitor of PKC delta: Rottlerin
PKC epsilon
Figure 4. Immunohistochemical analysis of human endometrium tissue labeled with anti-PKC epsilon (ab124806) at 1/50.
- Primary antibody: Anti-PKC epsilon antibody [EPR1482(2)] (ab124806)
- Phosphorylated PKC epsilon antibodies
- Inhibitor of PKC epsilon: V1-2 (coming soon)
Members of the atypical subfamily do not require the binding of second messengers for activation as they contain a nonfunctional C1 domain and are without a C2 domain. Isozyme-specific tools in this group include antibodies and inhibitors against PKC zeta only.
PKC zeta
Figure 5. Immunocytochemical analysis of human HeLa cells labeled with anti-PKC zeta (ab108970) at 1/150 followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor® 488) at 1/2,000.
- Primary antibody (knockout validated): Anti-PKC zeta antibody [EP1490(2)] (ab108970)
- Phosphorylated zeta antibodies
In some case, you may not need to look at specific isozymes of PKC and instead want to investigate all isoforms of PKC. In these instances, there are antibodies, kits, and inhibitors that target pan PKC.
Figure 6. Immunohistochemical analysis of mouse testis tissue labeled with anti-PKC antibody [EPR17368] (ab181558) at 1/1,000, followed by Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) (ab97051) at 1/500.
- Primary antibody: Anti-PKC antibody [EPR17368] (ab181558) – various isoforms
- Activity assay kit; PKC Kinase Activity Assay Kit (ab139437)
- Inhibitor of PKC: Sotrastaurin