Secondary antibody selection guide
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In this essential guide to secondary antibodies, you’ll learn about immunoglobulin class, species reactivity, and conjugates. This secondary antibody guide helps you to easily choose the right secondary antibody for cell imaging, western blot, immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA.
What is the difference between primary and secondary antibody?
The difference between secondary antibodies and primary antibodies is secondary antibodies are raised against the species, isotype of the primary antibody and are used to detect the primary antibody by binding to the primary antibody in more than one place. Resulting in several secondary antibodies being bound to the primary antibody, each with multiple labels such as Alexa Fluor® , HRP, AP, Biotin, IRDye® conjugated to secondary antibody.
Host species of the primary antibody
The secondary antibody is raised against the host species used to generate the primary antibody, for instance, if you use a primary antibody raised in rabbit, you will need an anti-rabbit secondary antibody raised in a host species other than rabbit (e.g. donkey anti-rabbit secondary).
The experimental procedure
Secondary antibodies tend to come in conjugated forms. For applications such as ELISA or Western blotting, enzyme linked secondaries tend to be the most popular, whereas for flow cytometry or immunofluorescence, there is a preference for secondary antibodies conjugated to fluorescent proteins or dyes such as Alexa Fluor®.
Class/subclass of antibody
The secondary antibody has to be directed against the isotype of the primary antibody.
Polyclonal primary antibodies are generally raised in rabbit, goat, sheep or donkey and are generally IgG isotypes. The secondary antibody therefore, will typically be an anti-IgG H&L (Heavy & Light chains) antibody.
Monoclonal primary antibodies are commonly raised in mouse, rabbit and rat. For example, if the primary monoclonal antibody is a mouse IgG1, you will need an anti-mouse IgG or a less specific F(ab) fragment anti-mouse IgG.
Other type of reactivities:
- Polyvalent antibodies react with all classes
- Anti-Fc or heavy chain (α, δ, ε, γ, and μ) antibodies react with heavy chain only
- Anti-F(ab) or whole molecule antibodies react with heavy and light chains independently of the class
- Anti-light chain (κ and λ) antibodies react with all classes since all classes use the same κ and λ light chain
Pre-adsorbed secondary antibodies - ideal for eliminating species reactivity
Pre-adsorbed secondary antibodies are ideal for multi-color experiments when several primary antibodies and their corresponding secondary antibodies are used simultaneously. The pre-adsorption process reduces the risk of cross reactivity between the secondary antibody and endogenous immunoglobulins present on cell and tissue samples.
Pre-adsorption (also referred to as cross-adsorption) is an extra step introduced to increase the specificity of an antibody. The mixture of secondary antibodies (containing secondary antibodies against rabbit IgG light chains, sheep IgG light chains and bovine IgG light chains, for example) is passed through a matrix containing immobilized serum proteins from potentially cross reactive species (in this case sheep and bovine light chains).
Only antibodies specific to rabbit IgG light chains will pass through the column whereas, antibodies cross reacting with sheep or bovine IgG light chains will bind and stay adsorbed to the matrix. As a result of the procedure a secondary antibody is generated which specifically recognizes rabbit IgG light chains.
F(ab) or (Fab')2 fragment secondary antibodies
F(ab) and (Fab')2 fragment antibodies eliminate non-specific binding between Fc portions of antibodies and Fc receptors on cells (such as macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, NK cells and B cells), and penetrate tissues more efficiently due to their smaller size.
As fragment antibodies do not have Fc portions, they do not interfere with anti-Fc mediated antibody detection.
For more information on how to choose the right secondary antibody for your experiment, take a look at our secondary antibody selection guide.